Well I'll answer based on my knowledge. As you said, there is these mini-bosses, which is in fact bosses that we face during a quest before we face the final boss of the said quest. We face these "mini bosses" during Scarlett and Oberon access, and other quests that we need to kill some bosses before facing the final boss.
There is also bosses that appear with messages during invasions, like Zomba and Willi Wasp. During these raids, they appear after the last message. Other bosses appear with a message with some minutes to prepare to kill them, like Ghazbaran, Orshabaal, Morgaroth, Ferumbras, Zulazza etc.
There is bosses from world changes like Deepling bosses.
You can find bosses that make invasions without any warning, like Tyrn, Zushuka and Vampire Lords, these ones you need to keep checking to find, and usually they have a rare drop that is many KKs worth.
Edit: There is also bosses from tasks, which you need to complete a task to determined monster to be able to kill the boss